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Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (IJPP) is an open-access, peer-reviewed pharmacy journal, published quarterly, as print and online by the Innovative Education and Scientific Research Foundation (IESRF) since 2014. IESRF is dedicated to the transfer of technology and research by publishing scientific journals, research content, providing professional membership, and conducting conferences, seminars, and award programs. With the aim of faster and better dissemination of knowledge, we will be publishing artic...

A review on potential anti-diabetic herbs and polyherbal formulations concept

Author Details:  Jimisha Dharmendrasinh Kher * ,  Hemangiben Hasmukhbhi Patel
DOI:  10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.003

Abstract

Multifactorial diseases, for diabetes develop various complication like hepatic toxicity, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and immunodeficiency etc. Numerous medicinal herbs have been used for the diabetes mellitus in traditional systems of medicine worldwide as they are a great source of phytochemical constituents and many of them are known to be effective against diabetes. Medicinal herbs with antidiabetic activities are being more desired, to lesser side effect and low cost. The efficacy of antihyperglycemic herbs is achieved by increasing insulin secretion, enhancing glucose uptake, activate GLP and inhibiting glucose production. The antidiabetic herbs contains many phytochemical constituents they single herb use produce mild effect when the combining of two — three herbs which having different chemical constituent and pharmacological action and produce synergistic effect and avoid repeated dose and achieve the efficacies therapeutic effec.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus has been defined by American Diabetes Association Expert Committee in their 1997 advice as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increase the glucose level in blood, altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates & proteins resulting from fault in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long damage, dysfunction & failure of v organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart & blood vessels thus covering a wide range of heterogeneous disease contains more number of phytochemical substance like various proteins, calcium, carbohydrate etc.[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]”

In severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non–ketotic hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death. The long–term effects such as progressive development of retinopathy with potential blindness and nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and features of autonomic dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction, and increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.”

Types of diabetes mellitus

Type I diabetes mellitus results from immune mediated destruction of the β cells of the pancreas, resulting in eventual absolute insulin deficiency. Roughly 5-10 % of people with diabetes have type I disease. Patients of type I disease is more likely to develop ketoacidosis than are people with type II diabetes.”

Type II diabetes mellitus has usually some degree of insulin resistance with variable insulin secretion. Insulin secretion is said to be relatively deficient because many patients may have normal to elevated level to insulin; however, their blood sugars remain elevated because of tissue resistance to the action of insulin. Many patients with type II diabetes can survive without insulin.[6], [7], [8], [9]”

Antidiabetic Effect of Folklore Medicinal Plants

S. No

Plant name

Family

Parts used

1

Caesalpinia digyna

Caesalpiniaceae

Root

2

Cassia occidentalis

Fabaceae

Whole plant

3

Cassia auriculata

Fabaceae

Whole plant

4

Acacia arabica

Leguminosae

Gum

5

Acacia senegal

Leguminosae

Gum

6

Pithecellobium bigeminum

Fabaceae

Seed

7

Rhizophora mucronata

Rhizoporaceae

Whole plant

8

Kandelia rheedei

Rhizoporaceae

bark

9

Eugenia jambolana

Myertaceae

Seed

10

Casearia escalenta

Salicaceae

Root

11

Pterocarpus marsuupium

Fabaceae

Wood

12

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Leguminosae

Root

13

Casearia escalenta

Salicaceae

Root, stem

14

Syzygium cumini

Myrtaceae

Seed, bark

15

Asparagus racemosus

Asparagaceae

Whole plant

16

Boerharia diffusa

Nyctaginaceae

Leaf

17

Sphaeranthus indicus

Asteraceae

Whole plant

18

Tinospora cordifolia

Menispermaceae

Stem, roots

19

Swetia chirata

Gentianaceae

Bark, leaf

20

Stevia rebudiana

Asteraceae

Leaf

21

Tribulus terrestris

Zygophyllaceae

Leaf, Fruit

22

Phyllanthus amarus

Phyllanthaceae

Leaf

23

Gmelina arborea

Verbenaceae

Fruit, bark

24

Gossypium herbaceum

Malvaceae

Leaf, seed

25

Berberis aristata

Berberidaceae

Bark, stem, root

26

Aloe vera

Asphodelaceae

Juice

27

Commiphora wightii

Burrseraceae

Gum

28

Ocimum sanctum

Lamiaceae

Leaf

29

Abutilon indicum

Malvaceae

Whole plant

30

Rumex maritimus

Polygonaceae

Aerial parts

31

Coccinia Indica

Cucurbitaceae

Fruit, Leaf

32

Emblica officinalis

Phyllanthaceae

Fruit, Leaf, Root

33

Aegle marmelos

Rutaceae

Fruit

34

Limonia acidissimia

Rutaceae

Stem bark, Fruit

35

Ceratonia siliqua

Fabaceae

Seed Leaf

36

Pinus sylvestris

Pinaceae

Bark

37

Glycine max

Fabaceae

Seed

38

Pisum sativum

Fabaceae

pericarp of pods

39

Bougainvillea glabra

Nyctaginaceae

Flower, Leaf

40

Bougainvillea spectabilis

Nyctaginaceae

Flower

41

Scclerocarrya birrea

Anacardiaceae

Stem bark

42

Annona squamosa

Annonaceae

Root

43

Polyalthia longifolia

Annonaceae

Bark

44

Ferula asfoetida

Umbbelliferae

Resin

45

Cathranthus roseus

Apoocynaceae

Leaf

46

Ichnocarpus frutescene

Apocynaceae

Leaf

47

Acanthopanax senticosus

Araliaceae

Stem bark

48

Caralluma sinaica

Apocynaceae

Root, aerial parts

49

Terminalia bellerica

Combretaceae

Fruits

50

Costus speciosus

Costaceae

Rhizome
Table 1 Medicinal plants having antidiabetic activity1

Table 1 Cont...

51

Vacccinium bracteatum

Ericaceae

Leaf

52

Jatropha curcas

Euphorbiaceae

Leaf

53

Secrinega virosa

Phyllanthaceae

Leaf

54

Trigonella foenum graecum

Fabaceae

Seed, leaf

55

Zingiber officinale

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

56

Momardica charatina

Cucurbitaceae

Ripe and Unripe Fruit, Leaf

57

Senna auriculata

Caesalpinioideae

Leaf

58

Ougeinia aojeinensis

Fabaceae

Bark

59

Cinnamonum zeylanicum

Lauraceae

Bark

60

Allium cepa

Amaryllidaceae

Fruit

61

Strychonous potatorum

Loganiaceae

Whole plant

62

Adansonnia digitata

Malvaceae

Stem bark

63

Acorus calamus

Acoraceae

Rhizome

64

Cassia glauca

Fabaceae

Bark, leaf
Table 0

Momordica charantia (bitter melon)

Momordica charantia are also called as vegetable insulin. It conatin various phytochemical constituents like polypeptide-p, Momordicoside S, Momordicoside T, Conjugated linolenic acid, linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, karavilagenine E, Oleanolic acid, Trehalose, Momordin and 9c, 11t, 13t conjugated linolenic acid. Different chemical constituents having a different pharmacological action to inscrease the insulin level and decrease the blood glucose level via utilization of glucose. Momordica charantia ethanol extract having more amount of saponin fraction and cucurbitane triterpenoids like, momordicine I, momordicine II, 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di-O-glucopyranoside, and kuguaglycoside G are increase the insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo model. The Momordica charantia contain protein parts which having potential antioxidant properties and activate the GLUT4 transporter potentiate the glucose uptake. It contains the Oleanolic acid which prevents cartilage degeneration in diabetic mice via PPARY associated mitochondrial stabilization.[10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]”

Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi)

Tinospora cordifolia are highly appreciated in ayurveda for curing most all dieasease. It contains Alkaloids like Magnoflorine, Isocolumbin, Tembetarine, Berberine, trtahydopalmatine and Glycoside like syringing, tinocordiside, Cordifolioside A. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem are the b-cell regenerative efficacy in pancreases to increase the secretion of insulin. It contains berberine which Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by In vivo and in vitro studies. It contains Borapetoside C which improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats. The alkaloid which is decrease the blood glucose level. The Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits a-glucosidase in rats.[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]”

Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek)

Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains more amount of 4-hydroxisoleucine. 4-hydroxisoleucine nonproteinogenic aminoacid is the potent antidiabitic properties. It's stimulating glucose dependent insulin secreation from pancreatic β cell, reduced hepatic and renal glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6 biphosphatase, direct stimulating effect on β cell function, inhibiting α-amylase enzyme and reduced insulin resistance in muscle and liver by activating insulin receptor associate phosphoinositide 3 kinase activities. Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains Galactomannan polysaccharide. Its glucose uptake by peripheral cells and tissue, increase in glycogen content in liver and increase glycogenesis and decrease in glcogenolysis. Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains Trigonelline alkaloid which improvement in hepatic and muscle glucogen content.[22], [23], [24], [25], [26]”

Stevia rebudiana

Stevia rebudiana having the sweetening properties and also having the antidiabitic properties. Its containg mainly glycoside like stevioside. Stevioside is natural sweetner and the increase the insulin sensitivity.

Polly Herbal Formulation Concept

Drug formulation in Ayurveda is based on two principles: Use as a single drug and use of more than one drugs, in which the latter is known as poly herbal formulation (PHF).[27], [28], [29], [30], [31]

Polyherbal formulation concept
Figure 1 : Polyherbal formulation concept

This key therapeutic herbal master plan utilize the merging of medicinal herbs to achieve extra therapeutic effectiveness, usually known as poly pharmacy or poly herbalism. Based on the nature of the interaction, there are two mechanisms on how synergism acts (i.e., pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic). “In terms of pharmacokinetic synergism, the capacity of herb to facilitate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the other herbs. Pharmacodynamics synergism on the other hand, studies the synergistic effect when active constituents with similar therapeutic activity are targeted to a homogeneous receptor or physiological system. Other than that, it is believed that abundance of factors and difficulty cause diseases in most of the cases, leading to both visible and invisible symptoms. Here, mixing of herbals may act on more targets at the same time to provide a thorough relief. No disease has just one single symptom. Also in the pathogenesis of a disease different factors or at work. The common cold causes cough, headache, runny nose, nausea, fatigue. Likewise, we need non-identical medicines (plants) to resolve the signs and symptoms of a disease. The plants in a poly-herbal medicine may: rise the effectively and potency of the formulation, reduce unwanted effects, make the formulation more palatable, and increase its lifespan. Due to synergism, poly herbalism confers some benefits not available in single herbal formulation. It is evident that superior therapeutic effect can be reached with a single multi-constituent formulation. For this, a beneath dose of the herbal preparation would be needed to achieve advantageous pharmacological action, thus reducing the risk of side-effects. Besides, PHFs bring to improved convenience for patients by eliminating the need of taking more than one different single herbal formulation at a time, which indirectly leads to better compliance and therapeutic effect. All these benefits have resulted in the popularity of PHF in the market when collate to single herbal formulation.

Conclusion

Diabetes is a clinical syndrome characterized by the insulin deficiency, insulin resistance in human beings. Hyperglycemia leads to glycation of body proteins, fat and carbohydrate that in turn causes secondary complication the affecting eyes, neurons, kidney and liver. However, Multifactorial diseases to require multi drug formulation consisting of medications from different pharmacological actions to prevent their complication use of two-three herbs mixture (polyherbarisum) may overcome this problem and help to prevent complication still need of new well polyherbal formulation to achieving the avoid the society problem.

Source of Funding

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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  • DOI 10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.003
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  • Received Date September 06, 2022
  • Accepted Date September 27, 2022
  • Publication Date March 09, 2023