Morphometric Evaluation of Linea Aspera Patterns: Classification and Sexual Dimorphism in Adult Cadaveric Femora from Central India
Authors: Surajit Kundu, Kunal Kumar, Richa Gurudiwan
Keywords: Femur, Sex Determination Analysis,Linea Aspera, Morphometry,Forensic Anthropology
Abstract:
Background:
The femur is a key skeletal element for sex estimation due to its pronounced sexual dimorphism. While morphometric parameters of the femur have been widely studied, variations in the morphology of the Linea aspera remain inadequately explored, particularly in Indian populations. The present study aimed to evaluate morphometric parameters and classify Linea aspera patterns in adult femora from Central India, and to assess their role in sex determination.
Methods:
A cross-sectional osteological study was conducted on 47 adult dry femora obtained from an institutional collection. Measurements including maximum femoral length, vertical head diameter, head circumference, and platymeric index were recorded using standard instruments. The Linea aspera was classified into five morphological types based on visual and tactile assessment. Statistical analysis included Student’s t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation, binary logistic regression, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine predictive accuracy and optimal cut-off values.
Results:
All morphometric parameters demonstrated statistically significant sexual dimorphism (p < 0.05), with higher mean values observed in males. Head diameter emerged as the most reliable parameter, showing the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.87) with an optimal cut-off value of ≥44.5 mm. A significant association was observed between Linea aspera patterns and sex (p < 0.05), with prominent ridge types more frequent in males. The combined regression model demonstrated high predictive performance, with accuracy exceeding 85%.
Discussion:
The findings are consistent with previous Indian and international studies, confirming the reliability of femoral morphometry in sex estimation. The proposed classification of Linea aspera patterns adds a novel morphological dimension, enhancing the interpretative value of skeletal analysis.
Conclusion:
The integration of morphometric parameters with Linea aspera classification provides a robust and practical approach for sex determination. The study contributes region-specific data and introduces a reproducible framework with potential applications in forensic anthropology and clinical practice.
