Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction

Skull base (SB) injuries happens mostly either in the thinnest or the least resistant part of SB.^[1] The region of thin and less resistant lateral lamella of cribriform plate had been proposed as the common site of injury during endoscopic anterior skull base surgeries.^[4], ^[3], ^[2] During functional endoscopic sinus surgery involving the anterior skull base, the anterior ethmoid artery (AEA) visualization is considered as a significant anatomical landmark.^[8], ^[7], ^[6], ^[5]

AEA originates in the anterior third of orbital cavity from ophthalmic artery and courses through the medial orbital wall by entering the anterior ethmoid foreman. It further passes through ethmoid sinus either freely or within a bony canal and exits commonly by penetrating the lateral lamella of cribriform plate.^[10], ^[9] Inconsistent course of AEA coupled with thin lateral lamella of cribriform plate was noted to result in complications like leakage of CSF, intra orbital retraction of artery and orbital hematoma with bleeding during endoscopic surgeries due to unwarranted injury.^[20], ^[19], ^[18], ^[17], ^[16], ^[15], ^[14], ^[13], ^[12], ^[11]

A study had shown that visualizing AEA during endoscopic surgeries specifically prevents iatrogenic complications associated with such endoscopic procedures.^[21] AEA remains as the critical structure of identification in upper skull base procedures and also in accessing frontal sinus.^[13]

Positional relation of AEA to SB particularly in low ethmoid roof had been reported.^[22], ^[18], ^[1] Studies have found a directly proportional relation between AEA and SB distance.^[24], ^[23] However, studies correlating this positional relation with morphology of olfactory fossa remains limited. This study aims to look into the relation of AEA to that of ethmoid skull base in different types of olfactory fossa morphology.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective radiological study was done on 100 coronal CT images from patients who were subjected to paranasal CT imaging during a period April-July 2018 in a tertiary health care setup. All CT images, even with evidence of sinusitis were included in the study. The exclusion being altered skull base anatomy due to previous surgical intervention, trauma or tumour and age less than 18 years. The images were analysed using RadiAnt Dicom viewer. In bone window of coronal CT scans, the position of AEA in relation to SB was noted. It was classified as at SB or below SB on each side. The vertical distance from AEA to SB was measured individually if the AEA was found to be below SB. Based on the distance of AEA from SB, 3 groups were subdivided as follows: Group A - < 2.5 mm, Group B – 2.5 to 5 mm and Group C - > 5 mm ([Figure 1]).

The depth of the olfactory fossa was measured with reference to length of the lateral lamella of cribriform plate and categorized according to Keros classification as Keros type I – 1to 3 mm, type II – 4 to 7 mm and type – III – 8 to 16 mm ([Figure 2]).^[25]

The data were statistically analysed using SPPS software. The chi-square test was applied to relate the distance between AEA and SB and the depth of olfactory fossa. P value of < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. The study was undertaken after approval from institutional ethical committee.

Results

Among the coronal CT images analyzed, the male and female were noted to be 67 and 33 respectively.

Out of 200 sides, AEA was identified in all the images studied (100%). The AEA was found below SB in 167 out of 200 (83.5%). On measuring the distance between the AEA and SB majority belonged to Group A (101 out of 167) ([Figure 3]) in comparison to Group B (56 out of 167) ([Figure 4]) and Group C (10 out of 167) ([Figure 5]). The mean distance was found to be 1.43 mm, 3.8 mm, 5.72 mm in Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. The overall mean distance be tween the AEA and the SB was 3.65 mm.

CT images showing AEA below the SB was observed commonly to have type II Keros classification. The unobserved type was Keros type III in this study ([Table 1]). AEA was observed at the SB ([Figure 6]) in 33 out of 200 sides (16.5%). In this group also kero’s type III was noted to be absent ([Table 1]).

On applying Chi-square test for comparing the position of AEA and Keros classification, the P value was significant (P = .006) ([Table 1]). The position of AEA below SB was seen at a greater frequency as the height of SB increased with the Keros classification ([Table 1]).

On comparing the relational distance between AEA and SB and the depth of olfactory fossa ([Table 2]), data revealed that Keros type II was the most frequent type present among all the groups. Chi-square test was applied to see the correlation between the groups and the P value calculated was > 0.05. This indicated a statistically insignificant relation between the groups.

Discussion

The AEA is an anato-radiologic keystone for endoscopic surgeries on paranasal sinuses and anterior skull base surgeries. Observation of AEA in all the images analysed in the present study stands out in agreement to reported range between 92-100%.^[17], ^[13], ^[10], ^[9]

AEA was known to exhibit a variable course in the ethmoidal air sinus. It was noted at SB in 16.5% and below SB in 83.5% which correlates with earlier studies showing 20% and 80%, 32.7% and 67.3% respectively.^[15], ^[14] The comparison of distance between AEA and SB among different authors shows that group A is seen commonly except in one study where group C was observed to be predominant ([Figure 7]).^[20], ^[15], ^[14], ^[5] The overall mean distance between the AEA and SB was 3.65 mm which is comparable to the mean value of 3.18 mm and 4.86 mm reported in previous studies.^[23], ^[14]

The depth of olfactory fossa is an important guiding landmark for endoscopic surgeons. Except a study that showed kero’s type I as the predominant type, rest all previous reports including the present study observed Kero’s type II in predominance ([Figure 8]).^[28], ^[27], ^[26], ^[23], ^[20]

Increased depth of olfactory fossa increases the probability of AEA coursing freely within ethmoid sinus.^[10], ^[9] AEA canal distance from SB increases in a definitive manner with an increase in the depth of olfactory fossa. The probability of iatrogenic injury to AEA increases in such cases. In the contrary, present finding of majority of the AEA coursing very close to the skull base < 2.5 mm indicates a safer course and less chance of injury during interventions.

Apart from the relation to lateral lamellar height that could change the position of AEA, the pneumatization of ethmoid air cells and presence of large supraorbital cell has been attributed as reason for variability in the position of AEA with relation to SB. Kero’s type along with ethmoid pneumatization was proposed as predictive factor in determining the relational distance between AEA and SB.^[29], ^[14], ^[13], ^[10] Study of this causative relation was beyond the scope of the present study.

Limitation

Limited sample size might be the reason for less statistical power seen in the analysis.

The incidence of supraorbital pneumatization, superorbital cell and their relation to positional variation of AEA.

Conclusion

The distance between AEA and SB differs due to difference in length of lateral lamella of cribriform fossa. Variation in olfactory fossa morphology does exist. The positional relationship between AEA and depth of olfactory fossa stands significant in spite of statistical limitation observed. The knowledge of presence of anterior ethmoid artery outside the skull base with long lateral lamella preoperatively would help the surgeon to avoid intraoperative complication s during endoscopic skull base or sinus surgeries.

Conflict of Interest

None.

Source of Funding

None.